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Insects and microbes are known to interact in a variety of ways at food facilities, compounding damage. However, little research has explicated how specific common fungal species affect the behavior of the cosmopolitan secondary stored product pest,Lasioderma serricorne. Enhanced knowledge about attraction to microbially-produced volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) may be used to manipulate insect behavior.Aspergillus flavusandFusarium verticillioidesare two common, widespread pre- and postharvest fungi on small cereals that produce aflatoxins and fumonisins, respectively, while directly competing with each other for nutrients. Our goals were to (1) characterize the volatile emissions from grain inoculated byA. flavusorF. verticillioidesderived from the cuticle ofL. serricornecompared to uninoculated and sanitized grain, and (2) understand how MVOCs from each fungal species affects mobility, attraction, and preference byL. serricorne. Headspace collection revealed that theF. verticillioides- andA. flavus-inoculated grain produced significantly different volatiles compared to sanitized grain or the positive control. Changes in MVOC emissions affected close-range foraging during an Ethovision movement assay, with a greater frequency of entering and spending time in a small zone with kernels inoculated withA. flavuscompared to other treatments. In the release-recapture assay, MVOCs were found to be attractive toL. serricorneat longer distances in commercial pitfall traps. There was no preference shown among semiochemical stimuli in a still-air, four-way olfactometer. Overall, our study suggests that MVOCs are important for close- and long-range orientation ofL. serricorneduring foraging, and that MVOCs may have the potential for inclusion in behaviorally-based tactics for this species.

 

Human land use threatens global biodiversity and compromises multiple ecosystem functions critical to food production. Whether crop yield–related ecosystem services can be maintained by a few dominant species or rely on high richness remains unclear. Using a global database from 89 studies (with 1475 locations), we partition the relative importance of species richness, abundance, and dominance for pollination; biological pest control; and final yields in the context of ongoing land-use change. Pollinator and enemy richness directly supported ecosystem services in addition to and independent of abundance and dominance. Up to 50% of the negative effects of landscape simplification on ecosystem services was due to richness losses of service-providing organisms, with negative consequences for crop yields. Maintaining the biodiversity of ecosystem service providers is therefore vital to sustain the flow of key agroecosystem benefits to society.